• Coordinate Conjunction
Co-ordinate conjunctions join similar words,phrases or clauses to each other (i.e., to join an adjective to an adjective or a noun to a noun). The most common co-ordinate conjunctions are: and, but, or, for, nor, so and yet.
The conjunctionsand,butandorare the most common by far.
Examples:
The waiters served sandwichesandcakes.(joins two nouns)
He is a smallbutaggressive dog.(joins two adjectives)
The managerorhis secretary will be with you in a moment.(joins two nouns)
He typed the letter quickly but accurately.(joins two adverbs)
In the examples above, the conjunctions all join words. As a general rule, when a conjunction joins two words, there is no need to precede it with a comma. However, when it joins two clauses, it is usual to place a comma before the conjunction.
Examples:
The applicant must be able to singanddance.(no comma)
The applicant must be able to sing, andshe must be able to dance.(joins two clauses – comma required)
Interactive example:
Co-ordinate conjunctions join similar words,phrases or clauses to each other (i.e., to join an adjective to an adjective or a noun to a noun). The most common co-ordinate conjunctions are: and, but, or, for, nor, so and yet.
The conjunctionsand,butandorare the most common by far.
Examples:
The waiters served sandwichesandcakes.(joins two nouns)
He is a smallbutaggressive dog.(joins two adjectives)
The managerorhis secretary will be with you in a moment.(joins two nouns)
He typed the letter quickly but accurately.(joins two adverbs)
In the examples above, the conjunctions all join words. As a general rule, when a conjunction joins two words, there is no need to precede it with a comma. However, when it joins two clauses, it is usual to place a comma before the conjunction.
Examples:
The applicant must be able to singanddance.(no comma)
The applicant must be able to sing, andshe must be able to dance.(joins two clauses – comma required)
Interactive example:
|
Pat and I
slept, but Julie stayed awake the whole way.
The short, simple conjunctions are called “coordinating conjunctions”:
A coordinating conjunction joins
parts of a sentence (for example words or independent clauses) that are
grammatically equal or similar. A coordinating conjunction
shows that the elements it joins are similar in importance and structure:
Look at these examples – the two
elements that the coordinating conjunction joins are shown in square brackets
[ ]:
Coordinating conjunctions always
come between the words or clauses that they join.
When a coordinating conjunction joins independent clauses, it is always correct to place a comma before the conjunction:
However, if the independent
clauses are short and well-balanced, a comma is not really essential:
When “and” is used with the last
word of a list, a comma is optional:
|
coordinate conjunction (FANBOYS) dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.
|
Coordinate Conjunction
|
Hubungan
|
Contoh Kalimat Coordinate
Conjunction
|
|
For
(karena) |
Cause & Effect
(sebab & akibat) |
He didn’t come last night, for he
fell asleep.
(Dia tidak datang semalam, karena dia tertidur.) |
|
And
(dan) |
Addition
(penambahan) |
The trainees laughed and cried
simultaneously.
(Siswa latihan tertawa dan menangis secara bersamaan.) |
|
Vina and Amel wake up at 5:00
am, and they go to school at 6:30 am.
(Vina dan Amel bangun jam 5 pagi dan mereka pergi ke sekolah jam setengah tujuh pagi.) |
||
|
Nor
(tidak) |
Addition
(penambahan) |
She didn’t come to the
ceremony, nor did her friends.
(Dia tidak datang ke perayaan, tidak juga teman-temannya.) |
|
But
(tapi, namun) |
Contrast
(pertentangan) |
The man helped in sincerity, but many
people thought negatively about him.
(Pria itu membantu dengan tulus, namun banyak orang berpikir negatif.) |
|
Or
(atau) |
Alternative
(pilihan) |
What do you prefer to stay at
home or go to the cinema on this weekend?
(Apa yang lebih kamu suka, diam di rumah atau pergi ke bioskop akhir minggu ini?) |
|
Yet
(tapi, namun) |
Contrast
(pertentangan) |
The book is thick, yet the
text is large.
(Buku itu tebal, tapi tulisannya besar.) |
|
So
(agar, sehingga) |
Result
(hasil, akibat) |
Please reconsider, so you
will not regret oneday.
(Tolong pertimbangkan kembali, agar kamu tidak menyesal suatu hari nanti.) |
•) Parallel Construction
in English, every word in a sentence should be structured in such a way as to be equal and harmonious structure; a noun followed by a noun, the adjective followed by an adjective, and so on.
note the example below:
1. Parallel the noun:
I like Russian, German, Spanish and French.
In the sentence above, the underlined word is a noun, so the sentence is parallel.
Structure is wrong:
I like Russian, German, Spanish, and Diving
In the sentence above, Diving is V-ing, not a noun so the above sentence is not parallel.
2. Parallel adjectives:
Your home is big, beautiful, and comfortable
In the sentence above, the underlined word is an adjective, so it is parallel sentences.
Structure is wrong:
Your home is big, beautiful, and close by downtown.
Close by is a downtown-phrases, parallel structures should not be part of speech 2. Everything must adjective in this case.
3. Parallel to the verb:
He does exercises, reads a book, a radio listens. (PARALLEL)
He does exercises, reads a book, and listening a radio (NOT PARALLEL)
Equivalent connecting words such as and, as, or. and the like but unequal, than using parallel structure.
I want to study German or (to) study Greek (PARALLEL)
The word ‘to’ in parentheses are optional, may not be worn.
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